Marx

Understanding the basics of sociology

Terms, concepts and use their IN SOCIOLOGY

Previously, we have seen that the central task of sociology to explore the interaction of society and the individual.

Like any other discipline, sociology also requires a terminology. If we try to trace the origin of the terms used at different times, there are wide variations. If, by Karl Marx, Class and conflict are key concepts for understanding society, social solidarity and collective consciousness were the main terms of Emile Durkheim. Similarly, concepts such as the status and role to begin with the individual, while others, such as social control or stratification to begin with a broader context in which individuals are already in place.

One of the features many of these ideas is to be modified from time to time. As expected, the differences between new and existing concepts preserved. For example, conflict theory, the theory against fundamentalists. But it was inevitable for the company itself is very diverse.

Social Groups and Society

Comparative and historical sociology brings home two facts harmless. The first thing in any society, ancient or feudal or modern, Asian, European and African human groups and communities there. Second types of groups and communities are different in different societies.

However, it should be noted here that any meeting people does not necessarily constitute a social group. The aggregates are merely random collections of people who are in the same place at the same time but share no connection between them. Passengers waiting at a station or an airport or a bus stop or a hearing Examples of the film are added. These aggregates are often called quasi-groups.

A social group can be said to have at least characteristics following:

(I) a sustained interaction to ensure continuity;

(Ii) A tendency to the stability of these interactions;

(Iii) a sense of identification with other members, that is, everyone is aware of himself and the group its own set of rules, rituals and symbols;

(Iv) shared interests;

(V) acceptance standards and values;

(Vi) a definable structure.

Thus, a social group can be defined as a collection of constant interaction of people who share an interest common culture, values and norms in a given society.

Group Types

SOCIAL AND SECONDARY primary groups

This classification is based on the fact that belonging to groups can not be of equal importance to our lives. The term "group" is used primary to appoint a small group of people linked by intimate association and face to face cooperation. Members of this group have a sense of belonging. Family, village and friends are examples of primary groups.

side groups are relatively large, maintaining relationships formal and impersonal.

The major groups are focused on the person, while the side groups are focused on goals.

Students at schools, government offices, hospitals, etc. are examples Association of secondary groups.

COMMUNITY AND society or association

Community refers to human relationships that are very personal, intimate and lasting, those in which participation a person is important, if not complete, and the family, friends or a real band together.

Society or association, by contrast, is totally different and, indeed, to the community. The group is apparently impersonal, superficial and transient relationships of modern urban life. We make contracts or agreements rather than go to meet each other.

We can draw a parallel between the community with the primary group and partnership with the secondary group.

IN GROUPS AND-groups

A sense of belonging is a closed group. Children belonging to a particular school can be an "inner group" against those who are not in school.

Non-members of the group in general, are seen as the out-group. Migrants are often seen as an outgroup. But the story is that, over time that social groups become groups over time.

Group Reference

The groups whose lifestyles are emulated is known as reference groups. During the colonial period, many middle-class India wants to behave like good English. In this sense, could be considered as a reference group of the herb section.

Between groups themselves

It is a kind of primary group, usually formed between individuals who are either the same age or who are in a common professional group. Peer pressure refers to the social pressure by their peers on what to do or not.

STRATIFICATION SOCIAL

The company can be viewed as a set of "layers" in a hierarchy, with the most favored at the top and down the most disadvantaged. In simple terms, stratification can be defined as structural inequality between social groups and individuals can be compared with geological stratification rock on the surface of the Earth.

In general, opportunities for health, longevity, safety, academic achievement, fulfillment at work and political influence are not evenly distributed systematically.

Historically four basic systems of stratification have existed in human society: slavery, caste, class and inheritance.

Slavery is a extreme form of inequality in which some individuals are literally owned by others. This has been done so Sporadic several times and places, but there are two great examples a system of slavery in ancient Greece and Rome and the southern states of the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Farms characterized feudal Europe.

CATHY

In a system of class stratification, the position of an individual is completely determined by birth. Suppose a person is born into a family with low-level attributes, regardless of their great achievements gained in the course of his life, will be treated as low caste.

Traditionally, society is divided into four terms of time Varna Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. Actually, there are countless groups caste-based occupations jatis call.

Although few consistent steps taken by the Government and NGOs have significantly reduced the system caste, but he lives in various parts of the country.

CLASS

In Marxist theory, class Social defined in this report, have the means of production. Questions may be asked as to whether the groups are owners of means of production such as land or factories? Or if they own nothing but their own work?

Weber used the term 'life chances, which refers to the rewards and benefits offered by the capacity market. Weber tried Because inequality compared to economic conditions.

Functionalist theory of stratification starts from the presupposition General functionality or belief that no society is "classless" or not stratified. The main functional necessity explaining the universal presence of stratification in the conditions encountered by an investment company and motivate individuals in the social structure. Functionality takes into account the functions that run on the company. functionalist sociologists understand society as essentially harmonious and theoretical conflicts He felt that society as inherently unequal, unjust and exploitation.

Status and Role

A state is simply a final position with the rights and duties that a person has in a society. A role is the dynamic or behavioral state appearance.

People acquire the status of the different stages of life. One son becomes a father, father becomes a grandfather and great grandfather and so on. This called a state sequence.

The state is assigned a social position occupied by a person on grounds of birth or assumes involuntarily. The most common bases for the state are attributed to the age, caste, race and kinship.

A state reached position refers to a name of a person voluntarily by the ability of personal achievements, strengths and options. In modern societies, most Member gives prestige on the basis of their achievements, even if the state of affairs as assigned.

Another term "prestige" important effect of the state. The prestige of a doctor may be high in relation to a dealer, although the doctor may earn less.

The conflict is the incompatibility between the functions of one or more government. A common example is that the middle-class woman who is juggling her role as mother and wife at home and as a professional at work. Ironically, the men also face a conflict of roles in the Khasi matrilineal society.

Stereotyping is a process creating the specific function of certain members of society. For example, men and women are often socialized in stereotypical roles as breadwinner and homemaker, respectively.

And the social control SOCIETY

Social control refers to social processes, techniques and strategies by which the conduct of the person or group are regulated. It refers to both the behavior individuals and groups and also refers to the application of values and models in order to maintain society.

It has been defined differently by functionalists and conflict theorists. Functionalist felt that social control

(I) The use of force to regulate the behavior of individuals and groups

(Ii) the application of the values and models to maintain order in society.

(Iii) is considered primarily as a stabilizing force necessary.

conflict theorists more generally, as a mechanism of social control mechanism to impose more impose the dominant social classes social control over the rest of society. For example, the law may be considered the official brief of the powerful and their interests in society.

Company may be formal or informal. formal social control mechanisms and key agencies such as the right and the state. informal social controls are mostly personal, not official and not codified. Include smiles, grimaces, frowns, body language, criticism, ridicule, laughter, etc.

Social control can also be positive or negative.

A penalty is a form of reward or punishment that reinforces the form of social behavior expected. The deviation refers to modes of action that does not conform to the standards or values held by most members of a group or society. For example, a woman who decide to become an astronaut can be regarded as a departure at once, and be applauded at a different time, even in the same company.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, we get an idea of how different terms can facilitate the understanding of society systematically and effectively.

About the Author

I am a 2nd year student of Electronics and communication Engineering. I am basically from Agartala, Tripura, which is situated in the North-eastern side of India.

6. Lecture on Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

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