Marx

SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION: an average increase of productivity in the company of men

INTRODUCTION

Science and technology are important tools in the attempts of man to exist, develop and manage their environment. Since the discovery science and its application in man has always made efforts to develop various technologies to conquer nature, to recreate the world for their simplicity and benefits. From the earliest times, man invented the bow and arrow, fire, hoes, knives, machetes and so on, to face the existential nature of the problems has. Even in today's world, man's efforts are aimed at providing food, clothing and housing and other basic services for survival.

In essence, man is able to maneuver his way through the universe and reach scientific discoveries, because of its natural wealth. Man is naturally endowed with intelligence. It is mental and physical capacity to shape the ideas and the ability to invent. The ability to invent it becomes a creator or inventor. Thus the application of science everyday life evident in the various inventions of man vis-à-vis technological change in human society. Science and technology inventions, therefore, are mainly used for artificial human benefits.

MAN, THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

It is pertinent mention that science does not exist outside the sociocultural rights. Man is the creator of science and the inventor of the technology. In fact, the man could be considered as the highest expression of their environment. The development of science and technology is often the aim of finding solutions to pressing problems or difficulties the nature within a given context cultural environment. Although the nature of science suggests an objective application of universal problems and conditions, which is an approach to deductionist science, we can not, however, deny that is primarily intended to address cases in a given particularist.

Historically, man has played a key role in the development of science and technology. Human society, probably went through a series of events, changes and revolutions, and in every stage of their development. In the period of ancient Greece, for example, philosophy, art and science has attracted the attention of the wider area. Science and art are part of philosophy. What existed but was speculative science. This was the period of his Thales. He considered that the remarkable philosopher The first science in the Western world. It was the first to predict an eclipse of the sun, which finally took place in 585 BC His pupil, Anaximander was the first science of evolution in the western world. He concluded that all living creatures of the sea and began to grow over time in various forms through adaptation to its environment. He concluded that humans evolved from animals. Anaximander also found that the earth was not flat, but as a form of cylinder and known to have made the first map in history. Pythagoras, the mathematician, the atoms of Democritus and Aristotle, the greatest scholar of ancient Greece, all lived in time. (Omoregbe 2002, 177)

Religion and theology took the stage and became the focus in the Middle Ages. Ethics, literature and art is characterized Renaissance. However, the appearance of Francis Bacon, which laid the foundation for a model of induction of science, the period witnessed the development of modern empirical science and experimental. This was the period in which the two major doctrines emerged namely, René Descartes and rationalism John Locke has brought empiricism. But in modern times, the focus has gradually shifted towards science and technology. (Fadaunsi 1997, 58).

It is essential to mention that internal factors and therefore sufficient that the rights and their pursuit of knowledge in each period in the history of the company informed of changes the importance for development.

Technology is what we call applied science. This study "systematic techniques making decisions and doing things "(Gordon, 1942, 20). As a mind like, DP Lauda and RD Ryan (1971: 53) see technology as:

The human effort to cope with their physical environment that provides both nature and man-made t9hat, shares of its own technology, such as cities and its attempts to dominate or control the environment through their imagination and ingenuity in the use of available resources.

Technology is the application of scientific discoveries to improve the conditions of human life. This is the application that leads to inventions to improve the welfare of man in various sectors of human life. Disciplines such as engineering, medicine, information technology, electronics, architecture, etc. are applied sciences. (Omoregbe 2002, 179).

The history of technology that extends far beyond man's ancestors. It grows and grows, the technology, along with science. Both complement each other. The development of different tools when the man was in the primitive stage in the history of the company is recorded to the technological revolution first. At the time of Neanderthal man, a degree of specialization in the manufacture of tools has been reached. Cro-Magnon homosapiens dominate certain mechanical principles of pottery and the time of Neolithic man, the man had good progress in the manufacture of traditional tools. (Ndubuisi 2002, 132).

In the 16th century, Francis Bacon lawyer experimental science and suggested that scientists should study the methods of artisans. Technology has continued to grow with the development of iron bridges, steam engines and textile machinery. This period was marked by the complementary roles of science and technology. For example, Edison invented the light of practice first used scientific ideas of Faraday and Henry, who had experienced electricity. Bell, the inventor of the telephone was also developed on the scientific ideas of Helmholtz. (Ndubuisi 2002, 133).

INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY

It is undeniable that the revolution taking place in science and technology in human society is not a task easy. With the help of technology, man has been able to use their ideas about a perfect transparent society, with the help of several gadgets that are developed to its benefits. The world today, including Century 21, the experiences of economic and political growth as a result of scientific and technological progress. Some progress and advances in the fields of electricity and energy, transportation, communications, medicine, architecture, agriculture, industry, military technology, computers, space shuttles, biotechnology, etc.

That the progress of science and technology have contributed to improve productivity and increase economic growth in human society is an understatement. The plain fact is that science and have significant interaction with production technology in all spheres of human society. The industrial revolution occurred in 18th century Europe marked the beginning of economic growth and revolution. The industrial revolution was a mass social, economic and technological change that began with the introduction of steam power, fueled primarily by coal. Technological advances and economic developments in the industrial revolution has accelerated with the introduction of steamboats, ships and railways. However, around the 19th century, the revolution spread throughout Western Europe and North America, and possibly affect the rest of the world. (Wikipedia)

The Events Subsequent to increase the productivity of labor is characterized by the industrial revolution that has spread around the world led to the beginning of the revolution Second industrial "around 1870. This second industrial revolution grew to include" chemical products, refined oil and distribution, electricity industry and the automotive industry. "(Ndubuisi 2002, 151). In fact, the increasing availability of petroleum products economy has also reduced the use of coal to the possibility of industrialization.

Therefore important to mention that revolutions industry, which led to the formation of several giant industrial enterprises with less frequency, globalize operations and international interests, opened the way for successive scientific-technological revolution that emerged in the 1940s and 1950s. This revolution in science and technology is evident in some countries, such as the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the United States of America, visiting the moon during this period. Today, other countries follow suite bathroom. In September 2008, China launched the spacecraft and sent a man to space 3 A week delegation to the moon.

You can see from this that the indelible mark the revolutions made by science and technology has influenced how the modern age man sees the world. The scientific and technological revolution took the world by storm today is derived from 18th century industrial revolution. Ogundowole Kolawole (2003: 134) states:

In the first half of the twentieth century, especially during the 194S and 195S, there were fundamental changes in the structure of most science and scientific activity as a result of great science and technological discoveries. This leads to an increased interaction of science, technology and production. Specifically, it was during this decade that humanity is entering the period of scientific and technological revolution.

Today, the scientific revolution and technology is to increase labor productivity. This changes the entire form of social material production. She obviously has a positive change in the nature, condition and job content and composition of productive forces, the social division of work and structure of the section and professional society.

In their perception, Dryakhlov (1984: 55) the scientific and technological revolution is defined as:

The qualitative transformation and radical forces production after the completion of the merger between the scientific and technological revolutions and the conversion of science into a productive force direct.

This implies that as the fundamental principles and laws of dialectics, there is in the process of human development, the quantitative changes and qualitative. This confirms the materialist assertion that everything that develops from the transformation of quantity into quality. Thus, the scientific revolution and technology is a phenomenon particularly related to the conversion of science into a direct productive force of society, the transformation radical qualitative structure of force production and changes in the nature and content of human labor. "(Ogundowole 2003, 138).

With the evolution and development of science and technology, it became clear that this revolution has increased production and consumption, particularly in developed countries the world, beyond all expectations of the past. It is therefore possible that poverty, hunger, and even large-scale unemployment would be a phase of history. By Therefore, VG Afanasiev (2003: 139) states:

Science is the generator of ideas is its team of technology, production of background while production is the area where the technical operation of the place, where people use scientific and technological achievements in order to obtain material wealth necessary.

At this stage it is pertinent to mention that the rate of development of science and technology their impressive achievements in almost all areas of the human life, especially in improving productivity in human society is not without side effects. Karl Marx was one of those who did the evil inherent in the process industrialization. But Marx was not against the development of technology. But Marx thought that the process of industrialization was wrong in the dialectical progression feudal economic modes, leading to full development of capitalism. Marx recognized that the industrialization of society occurred, but that leads to polarization society into two main classes. Marx does not deny that industrialization, but has been hampered by the operation that existed between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. According to Marx (1972: 183):

Industrialization creates the polarization of society into two classes, the bourgeoisie who own the means of production such as factories and land, and the working class proletarian much larger, actually carry out the work necessary to extract something of value from the means of production.

As a direct result of scientific-technological revolution, Marx believed that the rapid advance of technology made many unemployed qualified as one of the tasks and agricultural production after another has been mechanized. Once again, Marx said that there have been thefts of millions of unemployed, rural / small towns of large cities as the results of white-collar jobs. Therefore, not the development of large population centers urban, which actually has resulted in unprecedented conditions of poverty in the slums that house workers for new plants. Meanwhile, the class Bourgeois, only a small fraction compared with the size of the proletariat has become very rich.

As a solution to this distribution unequal wealth and actual operation of the capitalist system, Marx argued that the dialectical progression in itself is a necessary precursor to the development and Finally, socialism communism. Marx (1972: 209) considers that:

The industrial proletariat will eventually develop awareness and rebellion class against the bourgeoisie, leading to a more egalitarian socialist and communist, ultimately, the workers themselves own the means of production industrial.

Marx can not be right with his belief that capitalism, which developed thanks to advances in the technology industry collapse and give transition to socialism and communism possible. The reality in our world today shows that capitalism against socialism, labor and technology advances. But the events of the recent times show that progress in technology has not solved most of the existential problems of our world. Advances in food and agricultural techniques, for example, have not caused the food shortages. Make sure the hunger is widespread in most developing countries, citizens of the countries advanced also cry fowl with the high cost of food in their society. In fact, the United Nations in early 2008, announced that the world through world a major food crisis.

Similarly, progress and revolution in science and technology did not stop the economic recession that affected the United States in 2008. Despite its improvements in productivity revolution in science and technology did not prevent recession in the United States that led to the loss of over 800 thousand jobs between January and September 2008. The 700 billion economic rescue plan sent by the former U.S. President Bush and passed by the legislature in October 2008 remains to help see the country's economic development, turn around. Even the recovery plan by the current U.S. president, Obama has not contributed significantly to the U.S. economy.

Similarly, the revolution in science and technology has not prevented the death of a small number of children in China for melamine contamination of baby milk and other dairy products. Thus, despite its potential in improving productivity, its effects on work, life, loss of job, sometimes it can be devastating.

CONCLUSION

We can not deny the advances in science and technology that have enabled human beings in almost every aspect of your life. We can not exclude also the fact that man is the instrument of change in the scientific-technological revolution. In other words Scientific and technological may be possible without the man in the center of creation and invention. This makes the World Bank and Kedrov S. Shukhardin (2003: 139) believe that "revolution science and technology is an integral phenomenon that encompasses all human systems of science-production ".

But we to emphasize that science and technology is a double edged sword. You have both positive and negative. Although its success has greatly improved the quality of life human, the downside is very devastating to human life.

The man is in serious danger of the destructive side of technology in the areas air pollution, pollution of seas and rivers, depletion of the ozone layer, toxic waste, etc. The destructive effects of technology on humanity could also be seen in the area of weapons of mass destruction, particularly chemical weapons, atomic bombs, biological weapons and nuclear weapons. (Omoregbe 2002, 181).

Modern world history has shown that the powerful countries who have developed these weapons of destruction mass are usually tempted to use it on weaker countries. Nuclear weapons of mass destruction used by Latin America during the Second World War II at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan is still fresh in our memory. This is probably why most other countries, like Iran, Korea, India, etc. are to develop nuclear weapons to protect themselves and protect Wade, facing the threat of attack.

There are many other threats that progress and revolution in science and technology pose to humanity, but these destructive elements of science and technology are no excuses for denying evidence that worldwide almost anywhere in the world has benefited him positively. It has improved the condition of human life by the necessities of life such as food, housing, clothing, transportation, communications, health, etc., more readily available.

Our position is that the positive elements that can derived from science and technology are of great importance to man. Man therefore must ensure that science and technology must be at your service-oriented human affairs. Man must prevent the misuse of technology as this may lead to their destruction. The misuse of science and technology represents a major threat for peace in the world where man has sought since the beginning of the world.

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